|
Encapsulate Structure |
Typical Size Range |
Merits |
Demerits |
Spray Drying |
Microcapsules |
5–20 µm |
Rapid process, good flow properties |
Potential thermal inactivation, high costs |
Freeze Drying |
Porous particles |
>1 mm |
Excellent rehydration, minimal oxidation |
High energy consumption, expensive |
Extrusion Technique |
Gel beads |
0.5–3 mm |
Simple, maintains viability |
Difficult to scale up, larger particle sizes |
Emulsion Technique |
Capsules |
25 µm–2 mm |
High survival rates |
Variable particle sizes, shear-induced damage |
Spray-Freeze Drying |
Particles |
20–80 µm |
Controlled size, high viability |
High costs, requires cryogenic mediums |
Refractance Window Drying |
Flaky structures |
Customizable |
Energy-efficient, rapid drying |
Handling issues with sticky materials |
Electrohydrodynamic Processes |
Fibers/Particles |
100–800 nm |
High encapsulation efficiency |
Low throughput, potential cell damage |