Food Additives and Processing Aids Used In Breadmaking
Oxidants/reductants, emulsifiers, hydrocolloids and preservatives are the four basic types of additives used in breadmaking. Maximum dosages allowed can vary depending on the use and from nation to country, therefore it’s always a good idea to check local laws. Usually, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) of the Codex Alimentarius, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) are taken as guides. All approved food additives are assigned E-numbers by the International Numbering System, which was founded by the European Union, and these are used in many countries to aid identification.
Fig.1. Gluten-free bread
Enzymes, often known as biocatalysts, are proteins with unique characteristics. They can catalyse chemical processes with low energy requirements without being consumed by the reactions, and the resulting impacts change the environment’s structure and/or physicochemical qualities. Each enzyme has its own particular substrate on which it operates, allowing for precise process control in the breadmaking process. Because the enzymes utilised are inactive in the finished products after being denatured in the oven, they are classified as “processing aids” and do not need to be listed in the ingredient list on product labels, as required by law in many countries.
Enzymes are an interesting technique for “clean labelling” because they do not need to be labelled as processing aids on food labels in many countries. Some enzymes are now being developed and will most likely be commercially available for use in breadmaking in the near future. Laccase, for example, is an oxidative enzyme that oxidises various phenolic compounds, improving dough stability and strength, speeding up dough formation, and reducing dough stickiness. β-glucanase, for example, hydrolyzes the -glucans found in barley, rye, and oat flours, improving microstructure, volume, texture, shelf life, and taste in breads made with these composite flours.